compounding

compounding

That is, in familiar terms, compounding occurs when two or more words are joined together to make them one word. The meaning of the compound may be very different from the meanings of its components in isolation.

In language studies, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly anoun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition.Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium).

Types of Compounds

 A.compound words 

in morphology, a compound word is made up of two or morewords that express a single idea and function as a single word.

The most common types of compound words in English arecompound nouns (e.g., cheeseburger), compound adjectives("red-hot temper"), and compound verbs ("waterproof the deck").

1.  CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS

 formed when two unique words are joined together do not have a space between them  examples:

• I love the fireworks on the fourth of July.

 • Make sure you hold hands when you come to the crosswalk.

• The ocean was bathed in moonlight.

 others examples: football , anybody , everything , inside , upside , railroad etc.

 2.  OPEN COMPOUND WORDS

have a space between the words  a new meaning is formed when they are read together examples :

 • Ice cream is my favorite dessert.

 • There must be a full moon out tonight.

  others examples : middle class , cave in , real estate , half sister  etc.

  3.    HYPHENATED COMPOUND WORDS

 connected by a hyphen

 examples :

 • My mother-in-law is coming for a visit.

 • Some over-the-counter drugs can have serious side effects.

 others examples : one-half , merry-go-round , well-being etc.

One-half	Mother-in-law
Eighty-six	One-third
Merry-go-round	Well-being
Mass-produced	Over-the-counter
Daughter-in-law

B. Compound Adjective

A compound adjective is made up of two or more words (such aspart-time and high-speed) that act as a single idea to modify anoun (a part-time employee, a high-speed chase). Also called a phrasal adjective or a compound modifier.

As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective arehyphenated when they come before a noun (a well-known actor) but not when they come after (The actor is well known).

Also, compound adjectives formed with an adverb ending in -ly(such as rapidly changing) are usually not hyphenated.

C.Compound Noun

Two or more nouns combined to form a single noun.

Compound nouns are written as separate words (grapefruit juice), as words linked by ahyphen (sister-in-law), or as one word (schoolteacher).

A compounded noun whose form no longer clearly reveals its origin (such as bonfire ormarshall) is sometimes called an amalgamated compound. Many place names (or toponyms) are amalgamated compounds: e.g., Norwich (north + village) and Sussex (south + Saxons).

D.Compound Verb

(1) In English grammar, a compound verb is made up of two or more words that function as a single verb. Conventionally, verb compounds are written as either one word ("to housesit") or two hyphenated words ("to water-proof"). Also called a compound (orcomplex) predicate.

(2) Similarly, a compound verb can be a phrasal verb or aprepositional verb that behaves either lexically or syntacticallyas a single verb. In such cases, a verb and its particle may be separated by other words ("drop the essay off"). This structure is now more commonly known as a multi-word verb.

(3) The term compound verb can also refer to a lexical verb along with its auxiliaries; in traditional grammar, this is called a verb phrase.

E.Exocentric Compound

In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: that is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. Also called a headless compound. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts).

Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word that's not a hyponym of its grammatical head. As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is the bahuvrihi compound (a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for exocentric compound).

Linguist Valerie Adams illustrates exocentricity in this way: "The term exocentric describes expressions in which no part seems to be of the same kind as the whole or to be central to it. 

The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife.

F. Rhyming Compound

A compound word that contains rhyming elements, such as blackjack, fuddy duddy, pooper-scooper, and voodoo. Also called rhyme-motivated compounds.

Rhyming compounds (subtype of compounds)
These words are compounded from two rhyming words.

Examples:

lovey-dovey
chiller-killer

There are words that are formally very similar to rhyming compounds, but are not quite compounds in English because the second element is not really a word--it is just a nonsense item added to a root word to form a rhyme.

Examples:

higgledy-piggledy

tootsie-wootsie 

Kenneth Wilson notes that rhyming compounds are "catchy and surprisingly durable self-imitating words such as nitty-gritty, hanky-panky, hurdy-gurdy, nambypamby, and itty-bitty"  

G. Root Compound and Synthetic Compound

In morphology, a root compound is a compound construction in which the head element is not derived from a verb. Also called aprimary compound or an analytic compound. Contrast withsynthetic compound.

Root compounds are made up of free morphemes, and the semantic relation between the two elements in a root compound is not inherently restricted.

In morphology, a synthetic compound is a type of compound that parallels a verbal construction, with the head derived from a verband the other element functioning as an object. Also known as averbal compound. Contrast with root compound.

Synthetic compounding is a type of word formation in whichcompounding and derivation are combined.

According to Rochelle Lieber, "The thing that distinguishes synthetic from root compounds, and therefore that drives the interpretation of synthetic compounds, is the fact that the secondstem of a synthetic compound is by definition a deverbal derivation, and in deverbal derivations we often have more than one argument available for co-indexing. Further, those arguments, by virtue of being verbal arguments, have distinctive thematic interpretations which contribute to the interpretation of any co-indexed stem" (Morphology and Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2004).

•      H. Suspended Compound
  In English grammar, a suspended compound is a set ofcompound nouns or compound adjectives in which an element common to all members is not repeated. Also called suspensive hyphenation.
  A hyphen and a space follow the first element of a suspended compound. (A hyphen with a space after it is called a hanging hyphen.)
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COMPOUNDING

• noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
• adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
• verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
• noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed
• verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry
• adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight
• verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup
• preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun
• adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet
• preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into